Tenses B. Inggris

PERSONAL PRONOUN No Subject Object Adjective Pronoun Reflexive 1 I Me My Mine My self 2 You You Your Yours Your self 3 They Them Their Theirs Them selves 4 We Us Our Ours Our selves 5 She Her Her Hers Her self 6 He Him His His Him self 7 It It Its It self The Position a. Subject ( Letaknya sebelum TOBE / VERB ) • Jhon is in the class. He is taking test. • Bety and I had dinner. • She walk fastly. b. Object ( Letaknya setelah verb, setelah preposition ) • Kate is my friend. I know her well. • Tedi invite me to the club. • Between you and me will go to the paris. • Because of him, I fall in love. c. Possessive adjective ( Letaknya berdampingan dengan nounthing / noun person, sebelum Verb ing / Gerund ) • My book is very expensive, your book is very cheap. • I know her house but I don’t know her mother. • My teaching is very clearly but I don’t understand your exercising. d. Possessive Pronoun ( Letaknya tidak didampingi nounthing atau nounperson ). • Your book is red but mine is black. • Their mouse is not far, ours is very far from here. e. Possessive reflexing ( dirinya sendiri, sendirian ) • I saw myself in front of the mirror. TENSES 1. PRESENT TENSE • It is to expresses something / activity which me always do as our habit (habitual) • TIME SIGNAL : everyday/week/month/year, on Sunday….once a week, twice day. • Adv of fervency : hardly, sometimes, usually, never, seldom, often, always.. A. NOMINAL SENTENCE • To express Adj, Adv, N by using TOBE • FORMULATION : +) S + TOBE ( is, am are ) + Adj/adv/N -) S + TOBE ( is, am are + Not ) + Adj/adv/N ?) TOBE + S + Adj/adv/N EXAMPLE : 1. She is a teacher. 2. They are not here. 3. Are you sick ? yes, I am / No, I am not. B VERBAL • To express activity by using verb. • FORMULATION : +) They/we/you + VI + O +) She/he/it/Pronoun person + VI + S/ES + O -) They/we/you + Do Not + VI + O -) She/he/it/Pronoun person + Does not + VI + O ?) DO + they/we/you + VI + O ?) DOES + she/he/it + VI + O • EXAMPLE + They write a letter every mounth - They don’t write a letter every mounth. ? do they write letter a every mounth ? • + She says something to her father - She doesn’t say something to her father ? does she say something to her father? 2. PAST TENSE • To express condition / activity which happen long time a go • TIME SIGNAL : Last week/night/month, two days ago.. just now, yesterday A. NOMINAL SENTENCE • It is use by adj/adv/N. by using TOBE • FORMULATION : +) She/he/it + TOBE (was) + Adj/adv/N +) They/we/you + TOBE (were) + Adj/adv/N -) She/he/it + TOBE (was) + NOT + Adj/adv/N -) They/we/you + TOBE (were) + NOT + Adj/adv/N ?) TOBE (was) + she/he/it + Adj/adv/N ?) TOBE (were) + They/we/you + Adj/adv/N • EXAMPLE: a. She was young ten yers ago b. He wasnot here just now c. Were they student of SMK ? yes, they were/ no, they weren’t. B. VERBAL SENTENCE • It is usedby verb 2 * FORMULATION : +) S + V2 + O -) S + Did NoT + VI + O ?) Did + S + VI + O • EXAMPLE 1. +) He cried hard last night. -) He didn’t cry hard last night. ?) did he cry hard last night? 2. +) We saw a beggar yesterday. -) We didn’t saw a beggar yesterday. ?) Did we sawa beggar yesterday? 3. PAST HABBIT BY USING USED TO FORMULATION : +) S + Used To + VI + O -) S + Didn’t + Use to + O ?) Did + S + Use to + VI + O C. EXAMPLE: +) I used to sleep late when I was a teenager. -) I didn’t use to sleep late when I was a teenager. ?) did you use to sleep late when I was teenager? Yes, I did/ No, I didn’t. 4. PRESENT FUTURE • It is expressed to activity which happen in the future. • TIME SIGNAL : tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, immediately. A. VERBAL SENTENCE +) S + Will/shall + VI + O -) S + Will/shall + NOT + VI + O ?) Will/shall + S + VI + O +) S +TOBE (is, am, are) + Going To + VI + O -) S + TOBE (is, am, are) + NOT + Going To + VI + O ?) TOBE (is, am, are) + S + VI + O • EXAMPLE +) he will go to Jakarta tomorrow. -) he willn’t go to Jakarta tomorrow. ?) will he go to Jakarta tomorrow? Yes, he will/no, he willn’t. B. NOMINAL SENTENCE +) S + Will/Shall + BE + Adj/adv/N -) S + Will/Shall + NOT + BE + Adj/adv/N ?) Will/Shall + S + BE + Adj/adv/N C. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE • It is used to express activity that are stillin actual progess at the moment speaking. * TIME SIGNAL : Now, at present, right now, at this moment, nowdays, today. * FORMULATION : +) S + TOBE (Is, am, are) + VI + ING + O -) S + TOBE (Is, am, are) + NOT + VI + Ing + O ?) TOBE (Is, am, are) + S + VI + Ing + O • EXAMPLE: +) My mother is reading newspaper right now. -) My mother is not reading newspaper right now. ?) Is my mother reading newspaper right now? 5. PAST CONTINOUS • it is to state activity was happening at the certain time in the past. • CONJUCTION : when, while * TIME SIGNAL : yesterday, last week,….ago, justnow. * FORMULATION : +) S + Was/were + VI + Ing + O -) S + Was/were + NOT + VI + Ing + O ?) Was/Were + S + VI + Ing + O  WAS : She/he/it/I/personal  Were : they/we/you D. EXAMPLE : a. +) he was studying when I came last night. -) He Wasn’t studying when I came last night. ?) Was he studying when I came last night? Yes, he was/ NO, he wasn’t. b. +) We were swimming in the swimming pool just now. -) We weren’t swimming in the swimming pool just now. ?) Were we swimming in the swimming pool just now? Yes, we were / NO, we weren’t. 6. PRESENT PERFECT • It is to express situation that began in the past and continue to the present *By using for, during, since. A. VERBAL SENTENCE : +) S + Have/Has + V3 + O -) S + Have/Has + NOT + V3 + O ?) Have/Has + S + V3 + O ?  Have : They, we, I, You  Has : She, he, it, personal pronoun. E. EXAMPLE: +) Julia has lived in Tanjung Karang since 1975 -) Julia has not lived in Tanjung Karang since 1975. ?) Has Julia lived in Tanjung Karang 1975? Yes, she has/ NO, she hasn’t. B. NOMINAL SENTENCE : +) S + Have/Has + Been + Adj/adv/N -) S + Have/Has + NOT + Been + Adj/adv/N ?) Have/Has + S + Been + Adj/adv/N • EXAMPLE : a. I have been here for a hour. b. We haven’t been sick for a week. 7. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE * It is to express activity which began. In the past still continue to the present. * FORMULATION :+) S + Have/has + Been + VI + Ing + O -) S + Have/has + NOT + Been + VI + Ing + O ?) Have/has + S + Been + VI + Ing + O  Have : They, we, I, you.  / Has : she, h, it. • EXAMPLE : +) we have been waiting the newspaper for 3 days. -) we have not been waiting the newspaper for 3 days. ?) have we been waiting the newspaper for 3 days? Yes, we have/ No, we haven’t 8. PAST PERFECT * it is to express activity that occur before anothere time and to express activity that was completed before a particular time in the past. * FORMULATION : +) S + Had + V3 + O -) S + Had + NOT + V3 + O ?) Had + S + V3 + O • EXAMPLE: +) I had eaten when bobi came -) I hadn’t eaten when Bobi came. ?) had you eaten when bobi came? Yes, I had / No, I hadn’t. 9. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE * FORMULATION : +) S + Should/could/would + Have + V3 + O -) S +Should/could/would + NOT + Have + V3 + O ?) Should/could/would + S + Have + V3 + O F. EXAMPLE : +) She would have gone to the park. -) She wouldn’t have gone to the park. ?) would she have gone to the park? Yes, she would/ No, she wouldn’t. 10. PAST FUTURE * FORMULATION : +) S + Should/would + VI + O -) S + Should/would + NOT + VI + O ?) Should/would + S + VI + O • EXAMPLE: +) we would invite you to my birthday this noon. -) we wouldn’t invite you to my birthday this noon. ?) Would we invite you to my birthday this noon? yes, we would/ No, we wouldn’t . 11. MODAL * FORMULATION : +) S + MODAL + VI + O -) S + MODAL + NOT + VI + O ?) MODAL + S + VI + O  MODAL : Can, may, must, should, would, will, shall.  Offering : can I help you / may I help you.  Asking : could you help me / would you help me. CLAUSE Terdiri dari dua kalimat yaitu Independent Clause / Main Clause dan Dependent Clause.  Independent Clause / Main Clause : 1. Kalimat yang bisa berdiri sendiri 2. Memiliki subjek dan Verb 3. Memiliki kalimat yang lengkap  Dependent Clause : 1. Kalimat yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri 2. Sering diawali dengan kata penghubung (Conjution / Relative Pronoun) 3. Conjution > After, as, because, before, is, since, until, when, although, etc. 4. Relative Pronoun > Who, whom, which, whose, that. EXAMPLE : 1. Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school. (Dependent Clause) (Independent Clause) 2. I walk my dog everyday. ( Independent Clause) 3. I bought a book. (Independent Clause) 4. Because he is a teacher. (Dependent Clause) 5. When I studied english. (Dependent Clause) ADJECTIVE CLAUSE • WHO : S + V • WHOM : O + S • WHICH : Things / Benda > (yg mobil) • WHOSE : S + Noun (kepunyaan) > his, her > (yg mobilnya) • THAT : People / Things (lebih formal dari WHO dan WHOM) • WHEN : The noun time • WHERE : The noun place / tempat • EXAMPLE : 1. WHO > I have a friend who loves to shop. S + V 2. WHOM > The doctor whom you see in the room is my father. O + S 3. WHICH > The telephone which is in your room is ringing. Things + 4. WHOSE > Tom’s father whose health hasn’t been so good lately is in hospital now. 5. THAT > The girl who met me is very pretty, the girl that me. 6. WHERE > The bulding where he stays there, is very old. 7. WHEN > I will never forget the day when I met you then.  Johan who lives next door is very friendly.  The girl whom budi is going to marry is a sundanse  Have you found the keys which you lost  Mr. Gandi whom his student is like a professor.  I heard the scientist whose work is attracting interest.  Lupus which I feed everday is my cat.  Fini who has just lost in the game is angry. GERUND • Kata kerja yang dibendakan Verb + Ing 1. Gerund sebagai subject  Swimming is my hobby.  Smoking is not good for our health. 2. Gerund sebagai object  My father likes playing golf.  I enjoy living in the city. 3. Gerund sebagai pelengkap  My proffesion is singing in the club.  One of his hobbies is collecting foreign stamp. • Kata kerja yang diikuti GERUND  Admit > dislike  Avoid > miss  Deny > remember  Finish > stop  Mention > appreciate  Practise > delay  Recommend > enjoy  Resist > keep  Advice > resent  Complete > suggest  Discuss > think about  Forget > talk about  Mind > put off  Guit  Regred  Risf  Anticipate  Concider PREPOSITION • IN  Satu daerah yang luas : in Australia  Kota / bagian kota : in Jakarta  Area luar : in the garden  Ruangan : in the bathroom  Kata benda tanpa artiel : in hospital  Artikel ( a, an, the )  Bagian hari : in the morning  Bulan : in January  Tahun : in 1989  Musim : in summer  Abad : in the 16 century  Periode : in three years time • AT  Tempat umum : at the station  Alamat : at my home  Kata benda tanpa kata sandang : at school  Peristiwa : at a dinner  Waktu : at 9 o’clock  festival : at c hrismas, at idul fitri day  usia : at the age of 70 • ON  Permukaan : on the wall / in the floor  Pulau kecil : I stayed on Maui  Hari : on Sunday  Bagian hari : on Monday morning  Tanggal : on june 21st CONDITIONAL SENTENCES : a. ZERO CONDITIONAL If SIMPLE PRESENT >< SIMPLE PRESENT (Kebenaran umum)  Simple Present NOMINAL • To express Adj, Adv, N by using TOBE FORMULATION : +) S + TOBE ( is, am are ) + Adj/adv/N -) S + TOBE ( is, am are + Not ) + Adj/adv/N ?) TOBE + S + Adj/adv/N VERBAL • To express activity by using verb. FORMULATION : +) They/we/you + VI + O +) She/he/it/Pronoun person + VI + S/ES + O -) They/we/you + Do Not + VI + O ?) DO + they/we/you + VI + O ?) DOES + she/he/it + VI + O b. FIRST CONDITIONAL If PRESENT TENSE >< PRESENT FUTURE RENSE  Present Future Tense VERBAL  FORMULATION : +) S + Will/shall + VI + O -) S + Will/shall + NOT + VI + O ?) Will/shall + S + VI + O NOMINAL > FORMULATION : +) S + Will/Shall + BE + Adj/adv/N -) S + Will/Shall + NOT + BE + Adj/adv/N ?) Will/Shall + S + BE + Adj/adv/N c. SECOND CONDITIONAL If PAST TENSE >< PAST FUTURE TENSE PAST TENSE  FORMULATION NOMINAL : +) She/he/it + TOBE (was) + Adj/adv/N +) They/we/you + TOBE (were) + Adj/adv/N -) She/he/it + TOBE (was) + NOT + Adj/adv/N -) They/we/you + TOBE (were) + NOT + Adj/adv/N ?) TOBE (was) + she/he/it + Adj/adv/N ?) TOBE (were) + They/we/you + Adj/adv/N > FORMULATION VERBAL: +) S + V2 + O -) S + Did NoT + VI + O ?) Did + S + VI + O PAST FUTURE TENSE > FORMULATION : +) S + Should/would + VI + O -) S + Should/would + NOT + VI + O ?) Should/would + S + VI + O d. THIRD CONDITIONAL If PAST PERFECT >< PAST PERFECT FUTURE TENSE PAST PERFECT > FORMULATION : +) S + Had + V3 + O -) S + Had + NOT + V3 + O ?) Had + S + V3 + O PAST PERFECT FUTURE TENSE +) S + Should/could/would + Have + V3 + O -) S + Should/could/would + NOT + Have + V3 + O ?) Should/could/would + S + Have + V3 + O